cpp codes Archives - Pro Programming

Program to find Inverse of Matrix C++

Today we are going to write a program to find the inverse of matrix C++, so let’s start with the what is the inverse of a matrix.

Inverse of a Matrix:

For a square matrix A, the inverse is written A^-1. When A is multiplied by A^-1 the result is the identity matrix I. Non-square matrices do not have inverses.

Note: Not all square matrices have inverses. A square matrix which has an inverse is called invertible or nonsingular, and a square matrix without an inverse is called non-invertible or singular.

AA^-1 = A^-1A = I

Example:	For matrix , its inverse is since
	AA^-1 = and A^-1A = .

Program to find Inverse of a Matrix C++:



#if !defined(MATRIX_H)

#define MATRIX_H

#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;

#include &lt;iostream&gt;

#include &lt;tchar.h&gt;

#include &lt;math.h&gt;

#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;

class CMatrix

{

    private:

        int m_rows;

        int m_cols;

        char m_name[128];

        CMatrix();

    public:

        double **m_pData;

        CMatrix(const char *name, int rows, int cols) :

            m_rows(rows), m_cols(cols)

        {

            strcpy(m_name, name);

            m_pData = new double*[m_rows];

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

                m_pData[i] = new double[m_cols];

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    m_pData[i][j] = 0.0;

                }

            }

        }

        CMatrix(const CMatrix &amp;other)

        {

            strcpy(m_name, other.m_name);

            m_rows = other.m_rows;

            m_cols = other.m_cols;

            m_pData = new double*[m_rows];

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

                m_pData[i] = new double[m_cols];

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    m_pData[i][j] = other.m_pData[i][j];

                }

            }

        }

        ~CMatrix()

        {

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

                delete[] m_pData[i];

            delete[] m_pData;

            m_rows = m_cols = 0;

        }

        void SetName(const char *name)

        {

            strcpy(m_name, name);

        }

        const char* GetName() const

        {

            return m_name;

        }

        void GetInput()

        {

            std::cin &gt;&gt; *this;

        }

        void FillSimulatedInput()

        {

            static int factor1 = 1, factor2 = 2;

            std::cout &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n\n</strong>Enter Input For Matrix : " &lt;&lt; m_name &lt;&lt; " Rows: "

                    &lt;&lt; m_rows &lt;&lt; " Cols: " &lt;&lt; m_cols &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n</strong>";

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    std::cout &lt;&lt; "Input For Row: " &lt;&lt; i + 1 &lt;&lt; " Col: " &lt;&lt; j

                            + 1 &lt;&lt; " = ";

                    int data = ((i + 1) * factor1) + (j + 1) * factor2;

                    m_pData[i][j] = data / 10.2;

                    std::cout &lt;&lt; m_pData[i][j] &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n</strong>";

                    factor1 += (rand() % 4);

                    factor2 += (rand() % 3);

                }

                std::cout &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n</strong>";

            }

            std::cout &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n</strong>";

        }

        double Determinant()

        {

            double det = 0;

            double **pd = m_pData;

            switch (m_rows)

            {

                case 2:

                {

                    det = pd[0][0] * pd[1][1] - pd[0][1] * pd[1][0];

                    return det;

                }

                    break;

                case 3:

                {

                    <em>/***</em>

<em>                     a b c</em>

<em>                     d e f</em>

<em>                     g h i</em>




<em>                     a b c a b c</em>

<em>                     d e f d e f</em>

<em>                     g h i g h i</em>




<em>                     // det (A) = aei + bfg + cdh - afh - bdi - ceg.</em>

<em>                     ***/</em>

                    double a = pd[0][0];

                    double b = pd[0][1];

                    double c = pd[0][2];

                    double d = pd[1][0];

                    double e = pd[1][1];

                    double f = pd[1][2];

                    double g = pd[2][0];

                    double h = pd[2][1];

                    double i = pd[2][2];

                    double det = (a * e * i + b * f * g + c * d * h);

                    det = det - a * f * h;

                    det = det - b * d * i;

                    det = det - c * e * g;

                    return det;

                }

                    break;

                case 4:

                {

                    CMatrix *temp[4];

                    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 4; i++)

                        temp[i] = new CMatrix("", 3, 3);

                    for (int k = 0; k &lt; 4; k++)

                    {

                        for (int i = 1; i &lt; 4; i++)

                        {

                            int j1 = 0;

                            for (int j = 0; j &lt; 4; j++)

                            {

                                if (k == j)

                                    continue;

                                temp[k]-&gt;m_pData[i - 1][j1++]

                                        = this-&gt;m_pData[i][j];

                            }

                        }

                    }

                    double det = this-&gt;m_pData[0][0] * temp[0]-&gt;Determinant()

                            - this-&gt;m_pData[0][1] * temp[1]-&gt;Determinant()

                            + this-&gt;m_pData[0][2] * temp[2]-&gt;Determinant()

                            - this-&gt;m_pData[0][3] * temp[3]-&gt;Determinant();

                    return det;

                }

                    break;

                case 5:

                {

                    CMatrix *temp[5];

                    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 5; i++)

                        temp[i] = new CMatrix("", 4, 4);

                    for (int k = 0; k &lt; 5; k++)

                    {

                        for (int i = 1; i &lt; 5; i++)

                        {

                            int j1 = 0;

                            for (int j = 0; j &lt; 5; j++)

                            {

                                if (k == j)

                                    continue;

                                temp[k]-&gt;m_pData[i - 1][j1++]

                                        = this-&gt;m_pData[i][j];

                            }

                        }

                    }

                    double det = this-&gt;m_pData[0][0] * temp[0]-&gt;Determinant()

                            - this-&gt;m_pData[0][1] * temp[1]-&gt;Determinant()

                            + this-&gt;m_pData[0][2] * temp[2]-&gt;Determinant()

                            - this-&gt;m_pData[0][3] * temp[3]-&gt;Determinant()

                            + this-&gt;m_pData[0][4] * temp[4]-&gt;Determinant();

                    return det;

                }

                case 6:

                case 7:

                case 8:

                case 9:

                case 10:

                case 11:

                case 12:

                default:

                {

                    int DIM = m_rows;

                    CMatrix **temp = new CMatrix*[DIM];

                    for (int i = 0; i &lt; DIM; i++)

                        temp[i] = new CMatrix("", DIM - 1, DIM - 1);

                    for (int k = 0; k &lt; DIM; k++)

                    {

                        for (int i = 1; i &lt; DIM; i++)

                        {

                            int j1 = 0;

                            for (int j = 0; j &lt; DIM; j++)

                            {

                                if (k == j)

                                    continue;

                                temp[k]-&gt;m_pData[i - 1][j1++]

                                        = this-&gt;m_pData[i][j];

                            }

                        }

                    }

                    double det = 0;

                    for (int k = 0; k &lt; DIM; k++)

                    {

                        if ((k % 2) == 0)

                            det = det + (this-&gt;m_pData[0][k]

                                    * temp[k]-&gt;Determinant());

                        else

                            det = det - (this-&gt;m_pData[0][k]

                                    * temp[k]-&gt;Determinant());

                    }

                    for (int i = 0; i &lt; DIM; i++)

                        delete temp[i];

                    delete[] temp;

                    return det;

                }

                    break;

            }

        }

        CMatrix&amp; operator =(const CMatrix &amp;other)

        {

            if (this-&gt;m_rows != other.m_rows || this-&gt;m_cols != other.m_cols)

            {

                std::cout

                        &lt;&lt; "WARNING: Assignment is taking place with by changing the number of rows and columns of the matrix";

            }

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

                delete[] m_pData[i];

            delete[] m_pData;

            m_rows = m_cols = 0;

            strcpy(m_name, other.m_name);

            m_rows = other.m_rows;

            m_cols = other.m_cols;

            m_pData = new double*[m_rows];

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

                m_pData[i] = new double[m_cols];

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    m_pData[i][j] = other.m_pData[i][j];

                }

            }

            return *this;

        }

        CMatrix CoFactor()

        {

            CMatrix cofactor("COF", m_rows, m_cols);

            if (m_rows != m_cols)

                return cofactor;

            if (m_rows &lt; 2)

                return cofactor;

            else if (m_rows == 2)

            {

                cofactor.m_pData[0][0] = m_pData[1][1];

                cofactor.m_pData[0][1] = -m_pData[1][0];

                cofactor.m_pData[1][0] = -m_pData[0][1];

                cofactor.m_pData[1][1] = m_pData[0][0];

                return cofactor;

            }

            else if (m_rows &gt;= 3)

            {

                int DIM = m_rows;

                CMatrix ***temp = new CMatrix**[DIM];

                for (int i = 0; i &lt; DIM; i++)

                    temp[i] = new CMatrix*[DIM];

                for (int i = 0; i &lt; DIM; i++)

                    for (int j = 0; j &lt; DIM; j++)

                        temp[i][j] = new CMatrix("", DIM - 1, DIM - 1);

                for (int k1 = 0; k1 &lt; DIM; k1++)

                {

                    for (int k2 = 0; k2 &lt; DIM; k2++)

                    {

                        int i1 = 0;

                        for (int i = 0; i &lt; DIM; i++)

                        {

                            int j1 = 0;

                            for (int j = 0; j &lt; DIM; j++)

                            {

                                if (k1 == i || k2 == j)

                                    continue;

                                temp[k1][k2]-&gt;m_pData[i1][j1++]

                                        = this-&gt;m_pData[i][j];

                            }

                            if (k1 != i)

                                i1++;

                        }

                    }

                }

                bool flagPositive = true;

                for (int k1 = 0; k1 &lt; DIM; k1++)

                {

                    flagPositive = ((k1 % 2) == 0);

                    for (int k2 = 0; k2 &lt; DIM; k2++)

                    {

                        if (flagPositive == true)

                        {

                            cofactor.m_pData[k1][k2]

                                    = temp[k1][k2]-&gt;Determinant();

                            flagPositive = false;

                        }

                        else

                        {

                            cofactor.m_pData[k1][k2]

                                    = -temp[k1][k2]-&gt;Determinant();

                            flagPositive = true;

                        }

                    }

                }

                for (int i = 0; i &lt; DIM; i++)

                    for (int j = 0; j &lt; DIM; j++)

                        delete temp[i][j];

                for (int i = 0; i &lt; DIM; i++)

                    delete[] temp[i];

                delete[] temp;

            }

            return cofactor;

        }

        CMatrix Adjoint()

        {

            CMatrix cofactor("COF", m_rows, m_cols);

            CMatrix adj("ADJ", m_rows, m_cols);

            if (m_rows != m_cols)

                return adj;

            cofactor = this-&gt;CoFactor();

            // adjoint is transpose of a cofactor of a matrix

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    adj.m_pData[j][i] = cofactor.m_pData[i][j];

                }

            }

            return adj;

        }

        CMatrix Transpose()

        {

            CMatrix trans("TR", m_cols, m_rows);

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    trans.m_pData[j][i] = m_pData[i][j];

                }

            }

            return trans;

        }

        CMatrix Inverse()

        {

            CMatrix cofactor("COF", m_rows, m_cols);

            CMatrix inv("INV", m_rows, m_cols);

            if (m_rows != m_cols)

                return inv;

            // to find out Determinant

            double det = Determinant();

            cofactor = this-&gt;CoFactor();

            // inv = transpose of cofactor / Determinant

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    inv.m_pData[j][i] = cofactor.m_pData[i][j] / det;

                }

            }

            return inv;

        }

        CMatrix operator +(const CMatrix &amp;other)

        {

            if (this-&gt;m_rows != other.m_rows || this-&gt;m_cols != other.m_cols)

            {

                std::cout

                        &lt;&lt; "Addition could not take place because number of rows and columns are different between the two matrices";

                return *this;

            }

            CMatrix result("", m_rows, m_cols);

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    result.m_pData[i][j] = this-&gt;m_pData[i][j]

                            + other.m_pData[i][j];

                }

            }

            return result;

        }

        CMatrix operator -(const CMatrix &amp;other)

        {

            if (this-&gt;m_rows != other.m_rows || this-&gt;m_cols != other.m_cols)

            {

                std::cout

                        &lt;&lt; "Subtraction could not take place because number of rows and columns are different between the two matrices";

                return *this;

            }

            CMatrix result("", m_rows, m_cols);

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    result.m_pData[i][j] = this-&gt;m_pData[i][j]

                            - other.m_pData[i][j];

                }

            }

            return result;

        }

        CMatrix operator *(const CMatrix &amp;other)

        {

            if (this-&gt;m_cols != other.m_rows)

            {

                std::cout

                        &lt;&lt; "Multiplication could not take place because number of columns of 1st Matrix and number of rows in 2nd Matrix are different";

                return *this;

            }

            CMatrix result("", this-&gt;m_rows, other.m_cols);

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; this-&gt;m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; other.m_cols; j++)

                {

                    for (int k = 0; k &lt; this-&gt;m_cols; k++)

                    {

                        result.m_pData[i][j] += this-&gt;m_pData[i][k]

                                * other.m_pData[k][j];

                    }

                }

            }

            return result;

        }

        bool operator ==(const CMatrix &amp;other)

        {

            if (this-&gt;m_rows != other.m_rows || this-&gt;m_cols != other.m_cols)

            {

                std::cout

                        &lt;&lt; "Comparision could not take place because number of rows and columns are different between the two matrices";

                return false;

            }

            CMatrix result("", m_rows, m_cols);

            bool bEqual = true;

            for (int i = 0; i &lt; m_rows; i++)

            {

                for (int j = 0; j &lt; m_cols; j++)

                {

                    if (this-&gt;m_pData[i][j] != other.m_pData[i][j])

                        bEqual = false;

                }

            }

            return bEqual;

        }

        friend std::istream&amp; operator &gt;&gt;(std::istream &amp;is, CMatrix &amp;m);

        friend std::ostream&amp; operator &lt;&lt;(std::ostream &amp;os, const CMatrix &amp;m);

};

std::istream&amp; operator &gt;&gt;(std::istream &amp;is, CMatrix &amp;m)

{

    std::cout &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n\n</strong>Enter Input For Matrix : " &lt;&lt; m.m_name &lt;&lt; " Rows: "

            &lt;&lt; m.m_rows &lt;&lt; " Cols: " &lt;&lt; m.m_cols &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n</strong>";

    for (int i = 0; i &lt; m.m_rows; i++)

    {

        for (int j = 0; j &lt; m.m_cols; j++)

        {

            std::cout &lt;&lt; "Input For Row: " &lt;&lt; i + 1 &lt;&lt; " Col: " &lt;&lt; j + 1

                    &lt;&lt; " = ";

            is &gt;&gt; m.m_pData[i][j];

        }

        std::cout &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n</strong>";

    }

    std::cout &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n</strong>";

    return is;

}

std::ostream&amp; operator &lt;&lt;(std::ostream &amp;os, const CMatrix &amp;m)

{




    os &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n\n</strong>Matrix : " &lt;&lt; m.m_name &lt;&lt; " Rows: " &lt;&lt; m.m_rows &lt;&lt; " Cols: "

            &lt;&lt; m.m_cols &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n\n</strong>";

    for (int i = 0; i &lt; m.m_rows; i++)

    {

        os &lt;&lt; " | ";

        for (int j = 0; j &lt; m.m_cols; j++)

        {

            char buf[32];

            double data = m.m_pData[i][j];

            if (m.m_pData[i][j] &gt; -0.00001 &amp;&amp; m.m_pData[i][j] &lt; 0.00001)

                data = 0;

            sprintf(buf, "%10.2lf ", data);

            os &lt;&lt; buf;

        }

        os &lt;&lt; "|<strong>\n</strong>";

    }

    os &lt;&lt; "<strong>\n\n</strong>";

    return os;

}

#endif

int main()

{

    CMatrix a("A", 5, 5);

    //std::cin &gt;&gt; a;

    a.FillSimulatedInput();

    CMatrix aadj = a.Inverse();

    std::cout &lt;&lt; a;

    std::cout &lt;&lt; aadj;

    CMatrix unit = (a * aadj);

    unit.SetName("A * A-Inv");

    std::cout &lt;&lt; unit;

}

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#if !defined(MATRIX_H)

#define MATRIX_H

#include <stdio.h>

#include <iostream>

#include <tchar.h>

#include <math.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

class CMatrix

{

private:

int m_rows;

int m_cols;

char m_name[128];

CMatrix();

public:

double **m_pData;

CMatrix(const char *name, int rows, int cols) :

m_rows(rows), m_cols(cols)

{

strcpy(m_name, name);

m_pData = new double*[m_rows];

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

m_pData[i] = new double[m_cols];

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

m_pData[i][j] = 0.0;

}

CMatrix(const CMatrix &other)

{

strcpy(m_name, other.m_name);

m_rows = other.m_rows;

m_cols = other.m_cols;

m_pData = new double*[m_rows];

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

m_pData[i] = new double[m_cols];

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

m_pData[i][j] = other.m_pData[i][j];

}

~CMatrix()

{

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

delete[] m_pData[i];

delete[] m_pData;

m_rows = m_cols = 0;

}

void SetName(const char *name)

{

strcpy(m_name, name);

}

const char* GetName() const

{

return m_name;

}

void GetInput()

{

std::cin >> *this;

}

void FillSimulatedInput()

{

static int factor1 = 1, factor2 = 2;

std::cout << "\n\nEnter Input For Matrix : " << m_name << " Rows: "

<< m_rows << " Cols: " << m_cols << "\n";

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

std::cout << "Input For Row: " << i + 1 << " Col: " << j

+ 1 << " = ";

int data = ((i + 1) * factor1) + (j + 1) * factor2;

m_pData[i][j] = data / 10.2;

std::cout << m_pData[i][j] << "\n";

factor1 += (rand() % 4);

factor2 += (rand() % 3);

}

std::cout << "\n";

}

std::cout << "\n";

}

double Determinant()

{

double det = 0;

double **pd = m_pData;

switch (m_rows)

{

case 2:

{

det = pd[0][0] * pd[1][1] - pd[0][1] * pd[1][0];

return det;

}

break;

case 3:

{

/***

a b c

d e f

g h i

a b c a b c

d e f d e f

g h i g h i

// det (A) = aei + bfg + cdh - afh - bdi - ceg.

***/

double a = pd[0][0];

double b = pd[0][1];

double c = pd[0][2];

double d = pd[1][0];

double e = pd[1][1];

double f = pd[1][2];

double g = pd[2][0];

double h = pd[2][1];

double i = pd[2][2];

double det = (a * e * i + b * f * g + c * d * h);

det = det - a * f * h;

det = det - b * d * i;

det = det - c * e * g;

return det;

}

break;

case 4:

{

CMatrix *temp[4];

for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

temp[i] = new CMatrix("", 3, 3);

for (int k = 0; k < 4; k++)

{

for (int i = 1; i < 4; i++)

{

int j1 = 0;

for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++)

{

if (k == j)

continue;

temp[k]->m_pData[i - 1][j1++]

= this->m_pData[i][j];

}

double det = this->m_pData[0][0] * temp[0]->Determinant()

- this->m_pData[0][1] * temp[1]->Determinant()

+ this->m_pData[0][2] * temp[2]->Determinant()

- this->m_pData[0][3] * temp[3]->Determinant();

return det;

}

break;

case 5:

{

CMatrix *temp[5];

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

temp[i] = new CMatrix("", 4, 4);

for (int k = 0; k < 5; k++)

{

for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)

{

int j1 = 0;

for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++)

{

if (k == j)

continue;

temp[k]->m_pData[i - 1][j1++]

= this->m_pData[i][j];

}

double det = this->m_pData[0][0] * temp[0]->Determinant()

- this->m_pData[0][1] * temp[1]->Determinant()

+ this->m_pData[0][2] * temp[2]->Determinant()

- this->m_pData[0][3] * temp[3]->Determinant()

+ this->m_pData[0][4] * temp[4]->Determinant();

return det;

}

case 6:

case 7:

case 8:

case 9:

case 10:

case 11:

case 12:

default:

{

int DIM = m_rows;

CMatrix **temp = new CMatrix*[DIM];

for (int i = 0; i < DIM; i++)

temp[i] = new CMatrix("", DIM - 1, DIM - 1);

for (int k = 0; k < DIM; k++)

{

for (int i = 1; i < DIM; i++)

{

int j1 = 0;

for (int j = 0; j < DIM; j++)

{

if (k == j)

continue;

temp[k]->m_pData[i - 1][j1++]

= this->m_pData[i][j];

}

double det = 0;

for (int k = 0; k < DIM; k++)

{

if ((k % 2) == 0)

det = det + (this->m_pData[0][k]

* temp[k]->Determinant());

else

det = det - (this->m_pData[0][k]

* temp[k]->Determinant());

}

for (int i = 0; i < DIM; i++)

delete temp[i];

delete[] temp;

return det;

}

break;

}

CMatrix& operator =(const CMatrix &other)

{

if (this->m_rows != other.m_rows || this->m_cols != other.m_cols)

{

std::cout

<< "WARNING: Assignment is taking place with by changing the number of rows and columns of the matrix";

}

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

delete[] m_pData[i];

delete[] m_pData;

m_rows = m_cols = 0;

strcpy(m_name, other.m_name);

m_rows = other.m_rows;

m_cols = other.m_cols;

m_pData = new double*[m_rows];

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

m_pData[i] = new double[m_cols];

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

m_pData[i][j] = other.m_pData[i][j];

}

return *this;

}

CMatrix CoFactor()

{

CMatrix cofactor("COF", m_rows, m_cols);

if (m_rows != m_cols)

return cofactor;

if (m_rows < 2)

return cofactor;

else if (m_rows == 2)

{

cofactor.m_pData[0][0] = m_pData[1][1];

cofactor.m_pData[0][1] = -m_pData[1][0];

cofactor.m_pData[1][0] = -m_pData[0][1];

cofactor.m_pData[1][1] = m_pData[0][0];

return cofactor;

}

else if (m_rows >= 3)

{

int DIM = m_rows;

CMatrix ***temp = new CMatrix**[DIM];

for (int i = 0; i < DIM; i++)

temp[i] = new CMatrix*[DIM];

for (int i = 0; i < DIM; i++)

for (int j = 0; j < DIM; j++)

temp[i][j] = new CMatrix("", DIM - 1, DIM - 1);

for (int k1 = 0; k1 < DIM; k1++)

{

for (int k2 = 0; k2 < DIM; k2++)

{

int i1 = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < DIM; i++)

{

int j1 = 0;

for (int j = 0; j < DIM; j++)

{

if (k1 == i || k2 == j)

continue;

temp[k1][k2]->m_pData[i1][j1++]

= this->m_pData[i][j];

}

if (k1 != i)

i1++;

}

bool flagPositive = true;

for (int k1 = 0; k1 < DIM; k1++)

{

flagPositive = ((k1 % 2) == 0);

for (int k2 = 0; k2 < DIM; k2++)

{

if (flagPositive == true)

{

cofactor.m_pData[k1][k2]

= temp[k1][k2]->Determinant();

flagPositive = false;

}

else

{

cofactor.m_pData[k1][k2]

= -temp[k1][k2]->Determinant();

flagPositive = true;

}

for (int i = 0; i < DIM; i++)

for (int j = 0; j < DIM; j++)

delete temp[i][j];

for (int i = 0; i < DIM; i++)

delete[] temp[i];

delete[] temp;

}

return cofactor;

}

CMatrix Adjoint()

{

CMatrix cofactor("COF", m_rows, m_cols);

CMatrix adj("ADJ", m_rows, m_cols);

if (m_rows != m_cols)

return adj;

cofactor = this->CoFactor();

// adjoint is transpose of a cofactor of a matrix

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

adj.m_pData[j][i] = cofactor.m_pData[i][j];

}

return adj;

}

CMatrix Transpose()

{

CMatrix trans("TR", m_cols, m_rows);

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

trans.m_pData[j][i] = m_pData[i][j];

}

return trans;

}

CMatrix Inverse()

{

CMatrix cofactor("COF", m_rows, m_cols);

CMatrix inv("INV", m_rows, m_cols);

if (m_rows != m_cols)

return inv;

// to find out Determinant

double det = Determinant();

cofactor = this->CoFactor();

// inv = transpose of cofactor / Determinant

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

inv.m_pData[j][i] = cofactor.m_pData[i][j] / det;

}

return inv;

}

CMatrix operator +(const CMatrix &other)

{

if (this->m_rows != other.m_rows || this->m_cols != other.m_cols)

{

std::cout

<< "Addition could not take place because number of rows and columns are different between the two matrices";

return *this;

}

CMatrix result("", m_rows, m_cols);

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

result.m_pData[i][j] = this->m_pData[i][j]

+ other.m_pData[i][j];

}

return result;

}

CMatrix operator -(const CMatrix &other)

{

if (this->m_rows != other.m_rows || this->m_cols != other.m_cols)

{

std::cout

<< "Subtraction could not take place because number of rows and columns are different between the two matrices";

return *this;

}

CMatrix result("", m_rows, m_cols);

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

result.m_pData[i][j] = this->m_pData[i][j]

- other.m_pData[i][j];

}

return result;

}

CMatrix operator *(const CMatrix &other)

{

if (this->m_cols != other.m_rows)

{

std::cout

<< "Multiplication could not take place because number of columns of 1st Matrix and number of rows in 2nd Matrix are different";

return *this;

}

CMatrix result("", this->m_rows, other.m_cols);

for (int i = 0; i < this->m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < other.m_cols; j++)

{

for (int k = 0; k < this->m_cols; k++)

{

result.m_pData[i][j] += this->m_pData[i][k]

* other.m_pData[k][j];

}

return result;

}

bool operator ==(const CMatrix &other)

{

if (this->m_rows != other.m_rows || this->m_cols != other.m_cols)

{

std::cout

<< "Comparision could not take place because number of rows and columns are different between the two matrices";

return false;

}

CMatrix result("", m_rows, m_cols);

bool bEqual = true;

for (int i = 0; i < m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m_cols; j++)

{

if (this->m_pData[i][j] != other.m_pData[i][j])

bEqual = false;

}

return bEqual;

}

friend std::istream& operator >>(std::istream &is, CMatrix &m);

friend std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream &os, const CMatrix &m);

};

std::istream& operator >>(std::istream &is, CMatrix &m)

{

std::cout << "\n\nEnter Input For Matrix : " << m.m_name << " Rows: "

<< m.m_rows << " Cols: " << m.m_cols << "\n";

for (int i = 0; i < m.m_rows; i++)

{

for (int j = 0; j < m.m_cols; j++)

{

std::cout << "Input For Row: " << i + 1 << " Col: " << j + 1

<< " = ";

is >> m.m_pData[i][j];

}

std::cout << "\n";

}

std::cout << "\n";

return is;

}

std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream &os, const CMatrix &m)

{

os << "\n\nMatrix : " << m.m_name << " Rows: " << m.m_rows << " Cols: "

<< m.m_cols << "\n\n";

for (int i = 0; i < m.m_rows; i++)

{

os << " | ";

for (int j = 0; j < m.m_cols; j++)

{

char buf[32];

double data = m.m_pData[i][j];

if (m.m_pData[i][j] > -0.00001 && m.m_pData[i][j] < 0.00001)

data = 0;

sprintf(buf, "%10.2lf ", data);

os << buf;

}

os << "|\n";

}

os << "\n\n";

return os;

}

#endif

int main()

{

CMatrix a("A", 5, 5);

//std::cin >> a;

a.FillSimulatedInput();

CMatrix aadj = a.Inverse();

std::cout << a;

std::cout << aadj;

CMatrix unit = (a * aadj);

unit.SetName("A * A-Inv");

std::cout << unit;

}

OUTPUT:



$ g++ InverseOfMatrix.cpp
$ a.out
 
Enter Input For Matrix : 
A Rows: 5 
Cols: 5
Input For Row: 1 Col: 1 = 0.294118
Input For Row: 1 Col: 2 = 0.980392
Input For Row: 1 Col: 3 = 1.86275
Input For Row: 1 Col: 4 = 2.84314
Input For Row: 1 Col: 5 = 3.62745
 
Input For Row: 2 Col: 1 = 2.54902
Input For Row: 2 Col: 2 = 3.92157
Input For Row: 2 Col: 3 = 5.09804
Input For Row: 2 Col: 4 = 7.05882
Input For Row: 2 Col: 5 = 9.80392
 
Input For Row: 3 Col: 1 = 6.66667
Input For Row: 3 Col: 2 = 8.92157
Input For Row: 3 Col: 3 = 10.8824
Input For Row: 3 Col: 4 = 12.6471
Input For Row: 3 Col: 5 = 15.3922
 
Input For Row: 4 Col: 1 = 12.0588
Input For Row: 4 Col: 2 = 15.098
Input For Row: 4 Col: 3 = 18.1373
Input For Row: 4 Col: 4 = 20.7843
Input For Row: 4 Col: 5 = 24.4118
 
Input For Row: 5 Col: 1 = 21.1765
Input For Row: 5 Col: 2 = 24.7059
Input For Row: 5 Col: 3 = 27.7451
Input For Row: 5 Col: 4 = 31.0784
Input For Row: 5 Col: 5 = 34.3137
 
Matrix : A Rows: 5 Cols: 5
 
 |       0.29       0.98       1.86       2.84       3.63 |
 |       2.55       3.92       5.10       7.06       9.80 |
 |       6.67       8.92      10.88      12.65      15.39 |
 |      12.06      15.10      18.14      20.78      24.41 |
 |      21.18      24.71      27.75      31.08      34.31 |
 
Matrix : INV Rows: 5 Cols: 5
 
 |      -0.93       0.80      -3.74       2.86      -0.49 |
 |       0.37      -0.32       5.35      -4.91       1.14 |
 |      -0.78      -0.93      -1.46       2.96      -1.10 |
 |       2.37      -0.10       0.25      -1.65       0.84 |
 |      -1.21       0.57      -0.58       0.87      -0.36 |
 
Matrix : A * A-Inv Rows: 5 Cols: 5
 
 |       1.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00 |
 |       0.00       1.00       0.00       0.00       0.00 |
 |       0.00       0.00       1.00       0.00       0.00 |
 |       0.00       0.00       0.00       1.00       0.00 |
 |       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       1.00 |

$ g++ InverseOfMatrix.cpp

$ a.out

Enter Input For Matrix :

A Rows: 5

Cols: 5

Input For Row: 1 Col: 1 = 0.294118

Input For Row: 1 Col: 2 = 0.980392

Input For Row: 1 Col: 3 = 1.86275

Input For Row: 1 Col: 4 = 2.84314

Input For Row: 1 Col: 5 = 3.62745

Input For Row: 2 Col: 1 = 2.54902

Input For Row: 2 Col: 2 = 3.92157

Input For Row: 2 Col: 3 = 5.09804

Input For Row: 2 Col: 4 = 7.05882

Input For Row: 2 Col: 5 = 9.80392

Input For Row: 3 Col: 1 = 6.66667

Input For Row: 3 Col: 2 = 8.92157

Input For Row: 3 Col: 3 = 10.8824

Input For Row: 3 Col: 4 = 12.6471

Input For Row: 3 Col: 5 = 15.3922

Input For Row: 4 Col: 1 = 12.0588

Input For Row: 4 Col: 2 = 15.098

Input For Row: 4 Col: 3 = 18.1373

Input For Row: 4 Col: 4 = 20.7843

Input For Row: 4 Col: 5 = 24.4118

Input For Row: 5 Col: 1 = 21.1765

Input For Row: 5 Col: 2 = 24.7059

Input For Row: 5 Col: 3 = 27.7451

Input For Row: 5 Col: 4 = 31.0784

Input For Row: 5 Col: 5 = 34.3137

Matrix : A Rows: 5 Cols: 5

| 0.29 0.98 1.86 2.84 3.63 |

| 2.55 3.92 5.10 7.06 9.80 |

| 6.67 8.92 10.88 12.65 15.39 |

| 12.06 15.10 18.14 20.78 24.41 |

| 21.18 24.71 27.75 31.08 34.31 |

Matrix : INV Rows: 5 Cols: 5

| -0.93 0.80 -3.74 2.86 -0.49 |

| 0.37 -0.32 5.35 -4.91 1.14 |

| -0.78 -0.93 -1.46 2.96 -1.10 |

| 2.37 -0.10 0.25 -1.65 0.84 |

| -1.21 0.57 -0.58 0.87 -0.36 |

Matrix : A * A-Inv Rows: 5 Cols: 5

| 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 |

| 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 |

| 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 |

| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 |

| 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 |

Filed Under: cpp codes

C++ Program to generate CAPTCHA and verify user

What is CAPTCHA?

A CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) is a test to determine whether the user is human or not.

So, the task is to generate unique CAPTCHA every time and to tell whether the user is human or not by asking user to enter the same CAPTCHA as generated automatically and checking the user input with the generated CAPTCHA.

So before writing a c++ program to generate CAPTCHA we must understand with the help of example.

Examples:



CAPTCHA: x9Pm72se
Input: x9Pm62es
Output: CAPTCHA Not Matched

CAPTCHA: cF3yl9T4
Input: cF3yl9T4
Output: CAPTCHA Matched

CAPTCHA: x9Pm72se

Input: x9Pm62es

Output: CAPTCHA Not Matched

CAPTCHA: cF3yl9T4

Input: cF3yl9T4

Output: CAPTCHA Matched

The set of characters to generate CAPTCHA are stored in a character array chrs[] which contains (a-z, A-Z, 0-9), therefore size of chrs[] is 62.

To generate a unique CAPTCHA every time, a random number is generated using rand() function (rand()%62) which generates a random number between 0 to 61 and the generated random number is taken as index to the character array chrs[] thus generates a new character of captcha[] and this loop runs n (length of CAPTCHA) times to generate CAPTCHA of given length. Let’s write a C++ program to generate CAPTCHA

C++ program to generate CAPTCHA and verify user:



; title: ; notranslate  ]// C++ program to automatically generate CAPTCHA and
// verify user
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

// Returns true if given two strings are same
bool checkCaptcha(string &captcha, string &user_captcha)
{
    return captcha.compare(user_captcha) == 0;
}

// Generates a CAPTCHA of given length
string generateCaptcha(int n)
{
    time_t t;
    srand((unsigned)time(&t));

    // Characters to be included
    char *chrs = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHI"
                  "JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";

    // Generate n characters from above set and
    // add these characters to captcha.
    string captcha = "";
    while (n--)
        captcha.push_back(chrs[rand()%62]);

    return captcha;
}

// Driver code
int main()
{
    // Generate a random CAPTCHA
    string captcha = generateCaptcha(9);
    cout << captcha;

    // Ask user to enter a CAPTCHA
    string usr_captcha;
    cout << "nEnter above CAPTCHA: ";
    cin >> usr_captcha;

    // Notify user about matching status
    if (checkCaptcha(captcha, usr_captcha))
        printf("nCAPTCHA Matched");
    else
        printf("nCAPTCHA Not Matched");

    return 0;
}

; title: ; notranslate ]// C++ program to automatically generate CAPTCHA and

// verify user

#include<bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

// Returns true if given two strings are same

bool checkCaptcha(string &captcha, string &user_captcha)

{

return captcha.compare(user_captcha) == 0;

}

// Generates a CAPTCHA of given length

string generateCaptcha(int n)

{

time_t t;

srand((unsigned)time(&t));

// Characters to be included

char *chrs = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHI"

"JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789";

// Generate n characters from above set and

// add these characters to captcha.

string captcha = "";

while (n--)

captcha.push_back(chrs[rand()%62]);

return captcha;

}

// Driver code

int main()

{

// Generate a random CAPTCHA

string captcha = generateCaptcha(9);

cout << captcha;

// Ask user to enter a CAPTCHA

string usr_captcha;

cout << "nEnter above CAPTCHA: ";

cin >> usr_captcha;

// Notify user about matching status

if (checkCaptcha(captcha, usr_captcha))

printf("nCAPTCHA Matched");

else

printf("nCAPTCHA Not Matched");

return 0;

}

Output:



CAPTCHA: cF3yl9T4
Enter CAPTCHA: cF3yl9T4
CAPTCHA Matched

CAPTCHA: cF3yl9T4

Enter CAPTCHA: cF3yl9T4

CAPTCHA Matched

Hope you like it easy, please comment if you face any problem.

Filed Under: cpp codes

Method overloading vs Method Overriding

Difference between Method Overloading vs Method overriding:

Overloading can occur without inheritance. Overriding of functions occurs when one class is inherited from another class.

Overloaded functions must differ in function signature i.e. either number of parameters or type of parameters should differ. In overriding, function signatures must be same.

Overloaded functions are in same scope; whereas Overridden functions are in different scopes.

	Method Overloading	Method Overriding
Definition	In Method Overloading, Methods of the same class shares the same name but each method must have different number of parameters or parameters having different types and order.	In Method Overriding, sub class have the same method with same name and exactly the same number and type of parameters and same return type as a super class.
Meaning	Method Overloading means more than one method shares the same name in the class but having different signature.	Method Overriding means method of base class is re-defined in the derived class having same signature.
Behavior	Method Overloading is to “add” or “extend” more to method’s behavior.	Method Overriding is to “Change” existing behavior of method.
Polymorphism	It is a compile time polymorphism.	It is a run time polymorphism.
Inheritance	It may or may not need inheritance in Method Overloading.	It always requires inheritance in Method Overriding.
Signature	In Method Overloading, methods must have different signature.	In Method Overriding, methods must have same signature.
Relationship of Methods	In Method Overloading, relationship is there between methods of same class.	In Method Overriding, relationship is there between methods of super class and sub class.
Criteria	In Method Overloading, methods have same name different signatures but in the same class.	In Method Overriding, methods have same name and same signature but in the different class.
No. of Classes	Method Overloading does not require more than one class for overloading.	Method Overriding requires at least two classes for overriding.

Diagram to understand exact difference :-

Example in program:-

Method Overloading:



Class Add
{
   int sum(int a, int b)
   {
     return a + b;
   }
  int sum(int a)
  {
    return a + 10;
   }
}

Class Add

{

int sum(int a, int b)

{

return a + b;

}

int sum(int a)

{

return a + 10;

}

Method Overriding:



Class A  // Super Class
{
  void display(int num)
  {
     print num ;
   }
}
//Class B inherits Class A
Class B //Sub Class
{
  void display(int num)
  {
     print num ;
   }
}

Class A // Super Class

{

void display(int num)

{

print num ;

}

//Class B inherits Class A

Class B //Sub Class

{

void display(int num)

{

print num ;

}

Filed Under: cpp codes

Red Black-Tree(RB-Tree) implementation in C++

Red Black-Tree (RB-Tree):

A red-black tree is a binary search tree with one extra attribute for each node: the colour, which is either red or black. It has following properties:

Every node is either red or black.
Every leaf (NULL) is black.
If a node is red, then both its children are black.
Every simple path from a node to a descendant leaf contains the same number of black nodes.

C++ program to implement RB-Tree:



#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

struct node
{
       int key;
       node *parent;
       char color;
       node *left;
       node *right;
};
class RBtree
{
      node *root;
      node *q;
   public :
      RBtree()
      {
              q=NULL;
              root=NULL;
      }
      void insert();
      void insertfix(node *);
      void leftrotate(node *);
      void rightrotate(node *);
      void del();
      node* successor(node *);
      void delfix(node *);
      void disp();
      void display( node *);
      void search();
};
void RBtree::insert()
{
     int z,i=0;
     cout<<"\nEnter key of the node to be inserted: "; cin>>z;
     node *p,*q;
     node *t=new node;
     t->key=z;
     t->left=NULL;
     t->right=NULL;
     t->color='r';
     p=root;
     q=NULL;
     if(root==NULL)
     {
           root=t;
           t->parent=NULL;
     }
     else
     {
         while(p!=NULL)
         {
              q=p;
              if(p->key<t->key)
                  p=p->right;
              else
                  p=p->left;
         }
         t->parent=q;
         if(q->key<t->key)
              q->right=t;
         else
              q->left=t;
     }
     insertfix(t);
}
void RBtree::insertfix(node *t)
{
     node *u;
     if(root==t)
     {
         t->color='b';
         return;
     }
     while(t->parent!=NULL&&t->parent->color=='r')
     {
           node *g=t->parent->parent;
           if(g->left==t->parent)
           {
                        if(g->right!=NULL)
                        {
                              u=g->right;
                              if(u->color=='r')
                              {
                                   t->parent->color='b';
                                   u->color='b';
                                   g->color='r';
                                   t=g;
                              }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if(t->parent->right==t)
                            {
                                 t=t->parent;
                                 leftrotate(t);
                            }
                            t->parent->color='b';
                            g->color='r';
                            rightrotate(g);
                        }
           }
           else
           {
                        if(g->left!=NULL)
                        {
                             u=g->left;
                             if(u->color=='r')
                             {
                                  t->parent->color='b';
                                  u->color='b';
                                  g->color='r';
                                  t=g;
                             }
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            if(t->parent->left==t)
                            {
                                   t=t->parent;
                                   rightrotate(t);
                            }
                            t->parent->color='b';
                            g->color='r';
                            leftrotate(g);
                        }
           }
           root->color='b';
     }
}

void RBtree::del()
{
     if(root==NULL)
     {
           cout<<"\nEmpty Tree." ;
           return ;
     }
     int x;
     cout<<"\nEnter the key of the node to be deleted: "; cin>>x;
     node *p;
     p=root;
     node *y=NULL;
     node *q=NULL;
     int found=0;
     while(p!=NULL&&found==0)
     {
           if(p->key==x)
               found=1;
           if(found==0)
           {
                 if(p->key<x) p=p->right;
                 else
                    p=p->left;
           }
     }
     if(found==0)
     {
            cout<<"\nElement Not Found.";
            return ;
     }
     else
     {
         cout<<"\nDeleted Element: "<<p->key;
         cout<<"\nColour: "; if(p->color=='b')
     cout<<"Black\n";
    else
     cout<<"Red\n"; if(p->parent!=NULL)
               cout<<"\nParent: "<<p->parent->key;
         else
               cout<<"\nThere is no parent of the node. "; if(p->right!=NULL)
               cout<<"\nRight Child: "<<p->right->key;
         else
               cout<<"\nThere is no right child of the node. "; if(p->left!=NULL)
               cout<<"\nLeft Child: "<<p->left->key;
         else
               cout<<"\nThere is no left child of the node.  ";
         cout<<"\nNode Deleted."; if(p->left==NULL||p->right==NULL)
              y=p;
         else
              y=successor(p);
         if(y->left!=NULL)
              q=y->left;
         else
         {
              if(y->right!=NULL)
                   q=y->right;
              else
                   q=NULL;
         }
         if(q!=NULL)
              q->parent=y->parent;
         if(y->parent==NULL)
              root=q;
         else
         {
             if(y==y->parent->left)
                y->parent->left=q;
             else
                y->parent->right=q;
         }
         if(y!=p)
         {
             p->color=y->color;
             p->key=y->key;
         }
         if(y->color=='b')
             delfix(q);
     }
}

void RBtree::delfix(node *p)
{
    node *s;
    while(p!=root&&p->color=='b')
    {
          if(p->parent->left==p)
          {
                  s=p->parent->right;
                  if(s->color=='r')
                  {
                         s->color='b';
                         p->parent->color='r';
                         leftrotate(p->parent);
                         s=p->parent->right;
                  }
                  if(s->right->color=='b'&&s->left->color=='b')
                  {
                         s->color='r';
                         p=p->parent;
                  }
                  else
                  {
                      if(s->right->color=='b')
                      {
                             s->left->color=='b';
                             s->color='r';
                             rightrotate(s);
                             s=p->parent->right;
                      }
                      s->color=p->parent->color;
                      p->parent->color='b';
                      s->right->color='b';
                      leftrotate(p->parent);
                      p=root;
                  }
          }
          else
          {
                  s=p->parent->left;
                  if(s->color=='r')
                  {
                        s->color='b';
                        p->parent->color='r';
                        rightrotate(p->parent);
                        s=p->parent->left;
                  }
                  if(s->left->color=='b'&&s->right->color=='b')
                  {
                        s->color='r';
                        p=p->parent;
                  }
                  else
                  {
                        if(s->left->color=='b')
                        {
                              s->right->color='b';
                              s->color='r';
                              leftrotate(s);
                              s=p->parent->left;
                        }
                        s->color=p->parent->color;
                        p->parent->color='b';
                        s->left->color='b';
                        rightrotate(p->parent);
                        p=root;
                  }
          }
       p->color='b';
       root->color='b';
    }
}

void RBtree::leftrotate(node *p)
{
     if(p->right==NULL)
           return ;
     else
     {
           node *y=p->right;
           if(y->left!=NULL)
           {
                  p->right=y->left;
                  y->left->parent=p;
           }
           else
                  p->right=NULL;
           if(p->parent!=NULL)
                y->parent=p->parent;
           if(p->parent==NULL)
                root=y;
           else
           {
               if(p==p->parent->left)
                       p->parent->left=y;
               else
                       p->parent->right=y;
           }
           y->left=p;
           p->parent=y;
     }
}
void RBtree::rightrotate(node *p)
{
     if(p->left==NULL)
          return ;
     else
     {
         node *y=p->left;
         if(y->right!=NULL)
         {
                  p->left=y->right;
                  y->right->parent=p;
         }
         else
                 p->left=NULL;
         if(p->parent!=NULL)
                 y->parent=p->parent;
         if(p->parent==NULL)
               root=y;
         else
         {
             if(p==p->parent->left)
                   p->parent->left=y;
             else
                   p->parent->right=y;
         }
         y->right=p;
         p->parent=y;
     }
}

node* RBtree::successor(node *p)
{
      node *y=NULL;
     if(p->left!=NULL)
     {
         y=p->left;
         while(y->right!=NULL)
              y=y->right;
     }
     else
     {
         y=p->right;
         while(y->left!=NULL)
              y=y->left;
     }
     return y;
}

void RBtree::disp()
{
     display(root);
}
void RBtree::display(node *p)
{
     if(root==NULL)
     {
          cout<<"\nEmpty Tree.";
          return ;
     }
     if(p!=NULL)
     {
                cout<<"\n\t NODE: ";
                cout<<"\n Key: "<<p->key;
                cout<<"\n Colour: "; if(p->color=='b')
     cout<<"Black";
    else
     cout<<"Red"; if(p->parent!=NULL)
                       cout<<"\n Parent: "<<p->parent->key;
                else
                       cout<<"\n There is no parent of the node. "; if(p->right!=NULL)
                       cout<<"\n Right Child: "<<p->right->key;
                else
                       cout<<"\n There is no right child of the node. "; if(p->left!=NULL)
                       cout<<"\n Left Child: "<<p->left->key;
                else
                       cout<<"\n There is no left child of the node.  ";
                cout<<endl; if(p->left)
    {
                 cout<<"\n\nLeft:\n"; display(p->left);
    }
    /*else
     cout<<"\nNo Left Child.\n";*/ if(p->right)
    {
     cout<<"\n\nRight:\n"; display(p->right);
    }
    /*else
     cout<<"\nNo Right Child.\n"*/
     }
}
void RBtree::search()
{
     if(root==NULL)
     {
           cout<<"\nEmpty Tree\n" ;
           return  ;
     }
     int x;
     cout<<"\n Enter key of the node to be searched: "; cin>>x;
     node *p=root;
     int found=0;
     while(p!=NULL&& found==0)
     {
            if(p->key==x)
                found=1;
            if(found==0)
            {
                 if(p->key<x) p=p->right;
                 else
                      p=p->left;
            }
     }
     if(found==0)
          cout<<"\nElement Not Found.";
     else
     {
                cout<<"\n\t FOUND NODE: ";
                cout<<"\n Key: "<<p->key;
                cout<<"\n Colour: "; if(p->color=='b')
     cout<<"Black";
    else
     cout<<"Red"; if(p->parent!=NULL)
                       cout<<"\n Parent: "<<p->parent->key;
                else
                       cout<<"\n There is no parent of the node. "; if(p->right!=NULL)
                       cout<<"\n Right Child: "<<p->right->key;
                else
                       cout<<"\n There is no right child of the node. "; if(p->left!=NULL)
                       cout<<"\n Left Child: "<<p->left->key;
                else
                       cout<<"\n There is no left child of the node.  ";
                cout<<endl;

     }
}
int main()
{
    int ch,y=0;
    RBtree obj;
    do
    {
                cout<<"\n\t RED BLACK TREE " ;
                cout<<"\n 1. Insert in the tree ";
                cout<<"\n 2. Delete a node from the tree";
                cout<<"\n 3. Search for an element in the tree";
                cout<<"\n 4. Display the tree ";
                cout<<"\n 5. Exit " ;
                cout<<"\nEnter Your Choice: "; cin>>ch;
                switch(ch)
                {
                          case 1 : obj.insert();
                                   cout<<"\nNode Inserted.\n";
                                   break;
                          case 2 : obj.del();
                                   break;
                          case 3 : obj.search();
                                   break;
                          case 4 : obj.disp();
                                   break;
                          case 5 : y=1;
                                   break;
                          default : cout<<"\nEnter a Valid Choice.";
                }
                cout<<endl;

    }while(y!=1);
    return 1;
}

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#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

struct node

{

int key;

node *parent;

char color;

node *left;

node *right;

};

class RBtree

{

node *root;

node *q;

public :

RBtree()

{

q=NULL;

root=NULL;

}

void insert();

void insertfix(node *);

void leftrotate(node *);

void rightrotate(node *);

void del();

node* successor(node *);

void delfix(node *);

void disp();

void display( node *);

void search();

};

void RBtree::insert()

{

int z,i=0;

cout<<"\nEnter key of the node to be inserted: "; cin>>z;

node *p,*q;

node *t=new node;

t->key=z;

t->left=NULL;

t->right=NULL;

t->color='r';

p=root;

q=NULL;

if(root==NULL)

{

root=t;

t->parent=NULL;

}

else

{

while(p!=NULL)

{

q=p;

if(p->key<t->key)

p=p->right;

else

p=p->left;

}

t->parent=q;

if(q->key<t->key)

q->right=t;

else

q->left=t;

}

insertfix(t);

}

void RBtree::insertfix(node *t)

{

node *u;

if(root==t)

{

t->color='b';

return;

}

while(t->parent!=NULL&&t->parent->color=='r')

{

node *g=t->parent->parent;

if(g->left==t->parent)

{

if(g->right!=NULL)

{

u=g->right;

if(u->color=='r')

{

t->parent->color='b';

u->color='b';

g->color='r';

t=g;

}

else

{

if(t->parent->right==t)

{

t=t->parent;

leftrotate(t);

}

t->parent->color='b';

g->color='r';

rightrotate(g);

}

else

{

if(g->left!=NULL)

{

u=g->left;

if(u->color=='r')

{

t->parent->color='b';

u->color='b';

g->color='r';

t=g;

}

else

{

if(t->parent->left==t)

{

t=t->parent;

rightrotate(t);

}

t->parent->color='b';

g->color='r';

leftrotate(g);

}

root->color='b';

}

void RBtree::del()

{

if(root==NULL)

{

cout<<"\nEmpty Tree." ;

return ;

}

int x;

cout<<"\nEnter the key of the node to be deleted: "; cin>>x;

node *p;

p=root;

node *y=NULL;

node *q=NULL;

int found=0;

while(p!=NULL&&found==0)

{

if(p->key==x)

found=1;

if(found==0)

{

if(p->key<x) p=p->right;

else

p=p->left;

}

if(found==0)

{

cout<<"\nElement Not Found.";

return ;

}

else

{

cout<<"\nDeleted Element: "<<p->key;

cout<<"\nColour: "; if(p->color=='b')

cout<<"Black\n";

else

cout<<"Red\n"; if(p->parent!=NULL)

cout<<"\nParent: "<<p->parent->key;

else

cout<<"\nThere is no parent of the node. "; if(p->right!=NULL)

cout<<"\nRight Child: "<<p->right->key;

else

cout<<"\nThere is no right child of the node. "; if(p->left!=NULL)

cout<<"\nLeft Child: "<<p->left->key;

else

cout<<"\nThere is no left child of the node. ";

cout<<"\nNode Deleted."; if(p->left==NULL||p->right==NULL)

y=p;

else

y=successor(p);

if(y->left!=NULL)

q=y->left;

else

{

if(y->right!=NULL)

q=y->right;

else

q=NULL;

}

if(q!=NULL)

q->parent=y->parent;

if(y->parent==NULL)

root=q;

else

{

if(y==y->parent->left)

y->parent->left=q;

else

y->parent->right=q;

}

if(y!=p)

{

p->color=y->color;

p->key=y->key;

}

if(y->color=='b')

delfix(q);

}

void RBtree::delfix(node *p)

{

node *s;

while(p!=root&&p->color=='b')

{

if(p->parent->left==p)

{

s=p->parent->right;

if(s->color=='r')

{

s->color='b';

p->parent->color='r';

leftrotate(p->parent);

s=p->parent->right;

}

if(s->right->color=='b'&&s->left->color=='b')

{

s->color='r';

p=p->parent;

}

else

{

if(s->right->color=='b')

{

s->left->color=='b';

s->color='r';

rightrotate(s);

s=p->parent->right;

}

s->color=p->parent->color;

p->parent->color='b';

s->right->color='b';

leftrotate(p->parent);

p=root;

}

else

{

s=p->parent->left;

if(s->color=='r')

{

s->color='b';

p->parent->color='r';

rightrotate(p->parent);

s=p->parent->left;

}

if(s->left->color=='b'&&s->right->color=='b')

{

s->color='r';

p=p->parent;

}

else

{

if(s->left->color=='b')

{

s->right->color='b';

s->color='r';

leftrotate(s);

s=p->parent->left;

}

s->color=p->parent->color;

p->parent->color='b';

s->left->color='b';

rightrotate(p->parent);

p=root;

}

p->color='b';

root->color='b';

}

void RBtree::leftrotate(node *p)

{

if(p->right==NULL)

return ;

else

{

node *y=p->right;

if(y->left!=NULL)

{

p->right=y->left;

y->left->parent=p;

}

else

p->right=NULL;

if(p->parent!=NULL)

y->parent=p->parent;

if(p->parent==NULL)

root=y;

else

{

if(p==p->parent->left)

p->parent->left=y;

else

p->parent->right=y;

}

y->left=p;

p->parent=y;

}

void RBtree::rightrotate(node *p)

{

if(p->left==NULL)

return ;

else

{

node *y=p->left;

if(y->right!=NULL)

{

p->left=y->right;

y->right->parent=p;

}

else

p->left=NULL;

if(p->parent!=NULL)

y->parent=p->parent;

if(p->parent==NULL)

root=y;

else

{

if(p==p->parent->left)

p->parent->left=y;

else

p->parent->right=y;

}

y->right=p;

p->parent=y;

}

node* RBtree::successor(node *p)

{

node *y=NULL;

if(p->left!=NULL)

{

y=p->left;

while(y->right!=NULL)

y=y->right;

}

else

{

y=p->right;

while(y->left!=NULL)

y=y->left;

}

return y;

}

void RBtree::disp()

{

display(root);

}

void RBtree::display(node *p)

{

if(root==NULL)

{

cout<<"\nEmpty Tree.";

return ;

}

if(p!=NULL)

{

cout<<"\n\t NODE: ";

cout<<"\n Key: "<<p->key;

cout<<"\n Colour: "; if(p->color=='b')

cout<<"Black";

else

cout<<"Red"; if(p->parent!=NULL)

cout<<"\n Parent: "<<p->parent->key;

else

cout<<"\n There is no parent of the node. "; if(p->right!=NULL)

cout<<"\n Right Child: "<<p->right->key;

else

cout<<"\n There is no right child of the node. "; if(p->left!=NULL)

cout<<"\n Left Child: "<<p->left->key;

else

cout<<"\n There is no left child of the node. ";

cout<<endl; if(p->left)

{

cout<<"\n\nLeft:\n"; display(p->left);

}

/*else

cout<<"\nNo Left Child.\n";*/ if(p->right)

{

cout<<"\n\nRight:\n"; display(p->right);

}

/*else

cout<<"\nNo Right Child.\n"*/

}

void RBtree::search()

{

if(root==NULL)

{

cout<<"\nEmpty Tree\n" ;

return ;

}

int x;

cout<<"\n Enter key of the node to be searched: "; cin>>x;

node *p=root;

int found=0;

while(p!=NULL&& found==0)

{

if(p->key==x)

found=1;

if(found==0)

{

if(p->key<x) p=p->right;

else

p=p->left;

}

if(found==0)

cout<<"\nElement Not Found.";

else

{

cout<<"\n\t FOUND NODE: ";

cout<<"\n Key: "<<p->key;

cout<<"\n Colour: "; if(p->color=='b')

cout<<"Black";

else

cout<<"Red"; if(p->parent!=NULL)

cout<<"\n Parent: "<<p->parent->key;

else

cout<<"\n There is no parent of the node. "; if(p->right!=NULL)

cout<<"\n Right Child: "<<p->right->key;

else

cout<<"\n There is no right child of the node. "; if(p->left!=NULL)

cout<<"\n Left Child: "<<p->left->key;

else

cout<<"\n There is no left child of the node. ";

cout<<endl;

}

int main()

{

int ch,y=0;

RBtree obj;

{

cout<<"\n\t RED BLACK TREE " ;

cout<<"\n 1. Insert in the tree ";

cout<<"\n 2. Delete a node from the tree";

cout<<"\n 3. Search for an element in the tree";

cout<<"\n 4. Display the tree ";

cout<<"\n 5. Exit " ;

cout<<"\nEnter Your Choice: "; cin>>ch;

switch(ch)

{

case 1 : obj.insert();

cout<<"\nNode Inserted.\n";

break;

case 2 : obj.del();

break;

case 3 : obj.search();

break;

case 4 : obj.disp();

break;

case 5 : y=1;

break;

default : cout<<"\nEnter a Valid Choice.";

}

cout<<endl;

}while(y!=1);

return 1;

}

Sample Output



	 RED BLACK TREE 
 1. Insert in the tree 
 2. Delete a node from the tree
 3. Search for an element in the tree
 4. Display the tree 
 5. Exit 
Enter Your Choice: 1

Enter key of the node to be inserted: 4

Node Inserted.


	 RED BLACK TREE 
 1. Insert in the tree 
 2. Delete a node from the tree
 3. Search for an element in the tree
 4. Display the tree 
 5. Exit 
Enter Your Choice: 1

Enter key of the node to be inserted: 15

Node Inserted.


	 RED BLACK TREE 
 1. Insert in the tree 
 2. Delete a node from the tree
 3. Search for an element in the tree
 4. Display the tree 
 5. Exit 
Enter Your Choice: 1

Enter key of the node to be inserted: 8

Node Inserted.


	 RED BLACK TREE 
 1. Insert in the tree 
 2. Delete a node from the tree
 3. Search for an element in the tree
 4. Display the tree 
 5. Exit 
Enter Your Choice: 4

	 NODE: 
 Key: 12
 Colour: Black
 There is no parent of the node.  
 Right Child: 15
 Left Child: 4


Left:

	 NODE: 
 Key: 4
 Colour: Black
 Parent: 12
 Right Child: 8
 There is no left child of the node.  


Right:

	 NODE: 
 Key: 8
 Colour: Red
 Parent: 4
 There is no right child of the node.  
 There is no left child of the node.  


Right:

	 NODE: 
 Key: 15
 Colour: Black
 Parent: 12
 There is no right child of the node.  
 There is no left child of the node.  


	 RED BLACK TREE 
 1. Insert in the tree 
 2. Delete a node from the tree
 3. Search for an element in the tree
 4. Display the tree 
 5. Exit 
Enter Your Choice: 5

RED BLACK TREE

1. Insert in the tree

2. Delete a node from the tree

3. Search for an element in the tree

4. Display the tree

5. Exit

Enter Your Choice: 1

Enter key of the node to be inserted: 4

Node Inserted.

RED BLACK TREE

1. Insert in the tree

2. Delete a node from the tree

3. Search for an element in the tree

4. Display the tree

5. Exit

Enter Your Choice: 1

Enter key of the node to be inserted: 15

Node Inserted.

RED BLACK TREE

1. Insert in the tree

2. Delete a node from the tree

3. Search for an element in the tree

4. Display the tree

5. Exit

Enter Your Choice: 1

Enter key of the node to be inserted: 8

Node Inserted.

RED BLACK TREE

1. Insert in the tree

2. Delete a node from the tree

3. Search for an element in the tree

4. Display the tree

5. Exit

Enter Your Choice: 4

NODE:

Key: 12

Colour: Black

There is no parent of the node.

Right Child: 15

Left Child: 4

Left:

NODE:

Key: 4

Colour: Black

Parent: 12

Right Child: 8

There is no left child of the node.

Right:

NODE:

Key: 8

Colour: Red

Parent: 4

There is no right child of the node.

There is no left child of the node.

Right:

NODE:

Key: 15

Colour: Black

Parent: 12

There is no right child of the node.

There is no left child of the node.

RED BLACK TREE

1. Insert in the tree

2. Delete a node from the tree

3. Search for an element in the tree

4. Display the tree

5. Exit

Enter Your Choice: 5

Filed Under: cpp codes

Implement function overloading to find Area of Shapes

What is Function Overloading?

When we define one function with more than one definition it is known as Function overloading. For example:



int shape(int x);

int shape(int x, int y);

int shape(int x);

int shape(int x, int y);

We can have multiple definitions for the same function name in the same scope. The definition of the function must differ from each other by the types and/or the number of arguments in the argument list. We can not overload function declarations that differ only by return type.

Program to implement Function Overloading to find area of different shapes:



#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
class measure
{
    public:
        void shape(int r);
        void shape(int l,int b);
        void shape(float t,int d,int e);
        void shape(long a);
        void shape(float c, long int g);
        void shape(double j);
        void shape(float h, double f);
};
void measure::shape(int r)
{
    cout<<"area of the circle is "<<3.14*r*r;
}
void measure::shape(int l,int b)
{
    cout<<"area of the rectangle is "<<l*b;
}
void measure::shape(float t,int d,int e)
{
    cout<<"area of the triangle is "<<t*d*e;
}
void measure::shape(long a)
{
    cout<<"area of the square is "<<a*a;
}
void measure::shape(float c, long int g)
{
    cout<<"Volume of the cone is "<<((3.14*c*c*g)/3);
}
void measure::shape(double j)
{
    cout<<"Volume of the sphere is "<<(4/3)*3.14*j*j*j;
}
void measure::shape(float h, double f)
{
    cout<<"nVolume of the Cylinder is "<<3.14*f*f*h;
}
int main()
{
    char choice;
    int r,d,e,l,b;
    float t,c,h;
    long a;
    int ch;
    double j,f;
    long int g;
    measure obj;
    do
    {
        cout<<"tImplement Function Overloading";
        cout<<"nn1. area of circle";
        cout<<"n2. area of rectangle";
        cout<<"n3. area of triangle";
        cout<<"n4. area of square";
        cout<<"n5. Volume of the cone";
        cout<<"n6. Volume of the sphere";
        cout<<"n7. Volume of the cylinder";
        cout<<"ntEnter your choice ";
        cin>>ch;

        switch(ch)
        {
            case 1:
                cout<<"enter the value of radius of the circle n";
                cin>>r;
                obj.shape(r);
                break;
            case 2:
                cout<<"enter the sides of rectangle n";
                cin>>l>>b;
                obj.shape(l,b);
                break;
            case 3:
                cout<<"enter the sides of triangle n";
                cin>>d>>e;
                obj.shape(0.5,d,e);
                break;
            case 4:
                cout<<"enter the sides of square ";
                cin>>a;
                obj.shape(a);
                break;
            case 5:
                cout<<"nEnter the radius of the cone ";
                cin>>c;
                cout<<"nEnter the height of the cone ";
                cin>>g;
                obj.shape(c,g);
                break;
            case 6:
                cout<<"nEnter the radius ";
                cin>>b;
                obj.shape(b);
                break;
            case 7:
                cout<<"nEnter the radius ";
                cin>>f;
                cout<<"nEnter the height ";
                cin>>h;
                obj.shape(h,f);
                break;
            default:
                cout<<"nThe choice entered is a wrong choice";
        }
        cout<<"nWant to Continue? (Y/N)";
        cin>>choice;
    }
    while(choice=='Y' || choice == 'y');
    return 0;
}

100

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102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class measure

{

public:

void shape(int r);

void shape(int l,int b);

void shape(float t,int d,int e);

void shape(long a);

void shape(float c, long int g);

void shape(double j);

void shape(float h, double f);

};

void measure::shape(int r)

{

cout<<"area of the circle is "<<3.14*r*r;

}

void measure::shape(int l,int b)

{

cout<<"area of the rectangle is "<<l*b;

}

void measure::shape(float t,int d,int e)

{

cout<<"area of the triangle is "<<t*d*e;

}

void measure::shape(long a)

{

cout<<"area of the square is "<<a*a;

}

void measure::shape(float c, long int g)

{

cout<<"Volume of the cone is "<<((3.14*c*c*g)/3);

}

void measure::shape(double j)

{

cout<<"Volume of the sphere is "<<(4/3)*3.14*j*j*j;

}

void measure::shape(float h, double f)

{

cout<<"nVolume of the Cylinder is "<<3.14*f*f*h;

}

int main()

{

char choice;

int r,d,e,l,b;

float t,c,h;

long a;

int ch;

double j,f;

long int g;

measure obj;

{

cout<<"tImplement Function Overloading";

cout<<"nn1. area of circle";

cout<<"n2. area of rectangle";

cout<<"n3. area of triangle";

cout<<"n4. area of square";

cout<<"n5. Volume of the cone";

cout<<"n6. Volume of the sphere";

cout<<"n7. Volume of the cylinder";

cout<<"ntEnter your choice ";

cin>>ch;

switch(ch)

{

case 1:

cout<<"enter the value of radius of the circle n";

cin>>r;

obj.shape(r);

break;

case 2:

cout<<"enter the sides of rectangle n";

cin>>l>>b;

obj.shape(l,b);

break;

case 3:

cout<<"enter the sides of triangle n";

cin>>d>>e;

obj.shape(0.5,d,e);

break;

case 4:

cout<<"enter the sides of square ";

cin>>a;

obj.shape(a);

break;

case 5:

cout<<"nEnter the radius of the cone ";

cin>>c;

cout<<"nEnter the height of the cone ";

cin>>g;

obj.shape(c,g);

break;

case 6:

cout<<"nEnter the radius ";

cin>>b;

obj.shape(b);

break;

case 7:

cout<<"nEnter the radius ";

cin>>f;

cout<<"nEnter the height ";

cin>>h;

obj.shape(h,f);

break;

default:

cout<<"nThe choice entered is a wrong choice";

}

cout<<"nWant to Continue? (Y/N)";

cin>>choice;

}

while(choice=='Y' || choice == 'y');

return 0;

}

Sample Output:



   Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle
2. area of rectangle
3. area of triangle
4. area of square
5. Volume of the cone
6. Volume of the sphere
7. Volume of the cylinder
    Enter your choice 1
enter the value of radius of the circle
13
area of the circle is 530.66
Want to Continue? (Y/N)y
    Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle
2. area of rectangle
3. area of triangle
4. area of square
5. Volume of the cone
6. Volume of the sphere
7. Volume of the cylinder
    Enter your choice 2
enter the sides of rectangle
12
8
area of the rectangle is 96
Want to Continue? (Y/N)y
    Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle
2. area of rectangle
3. area of triangle
4. area of square
5. Volume of the cone
6. Volume of the sphere
7. Volume of the cylinder
    Enter your choice 3
enter the sides of triangle
6
9
area of the triangle is 27
Want to Continue? (Y/N)y
    Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle
2. area of rectangle
3. area of triangle
4. area of square
5. Volume of the cone
6. Volume of the sphere
7. Volume of the cylinder
    Enter your choice 4
enter the sides of square 8
area of the square is 64
Want to Continue? (Y/N)y
    Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle
2. area of rectangle
3. area of triangle
4. area of square
5. Volume of the cone
6. Volume of the sphere
7. Volume of the cylinder
    Enter your choice 5

Enter the radius of the cone 12

Enter the height of the cone 4
Volume of the cone is 602.88
Want to Continue? (Y/N)y
    Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle
2. area of rectangle
3. area of triangle
4. area of square
5. Volume of the cone
6. Volume of the sphere
7. Volume of the cylinder
    Enter your choice 6

Enter the radius 12
area of the circle is 452.16
Want to Continue? (Y/N)y
    Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle
2. area of rectangle
3. area of triangle
4. area of square
5. Volume of the cone
6. Volume of the sphere
7. Volume of the cylinder
    Enter your choice 7

Enter the radius 12

Enter the height 4

Volume of the Cylinder is 1808.64
Want to Continue? (Y/N)n

100

101

102

103

104

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106

107

108

Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle

2. area of rectangle

3. area of triangle

4. area of square

5. Volume of the cone

6. Volume of the sphere

7. Volume of the cylinder

Enter your choice 1

enter the value of radius of the circle

area of the circle is 530.66

Want to Continue? (Y/N)y

Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle

2. area of rectangle

3. area of triangle

4. area of square

5. Volume of the cone

6. Volume of the sphere

7. Volume of the cylinder

Enter your choice 2

enter the sides of rectangle

area of the rectangle is 96

Want to Continue? (Y/N)y

Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle

2. area of rectangle

3. area of triangle

4. area of square

5. Volume of the cone

6. Volume of the sphere

7. Volume of the cylinder

Enter your choice 3

enter the sides of triangle

area of the triangle is 27

Want to Continue? (Y/N)y

Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle

2. area of rectangle

3. area of triangle

4. area of square

5. Volume of the cone

6. Volume of the sphere

7. Volume of the cylinder

Enter your choice 4

enter the sides of square 8

area of the square is 64

Want to Continue? (Y/N)y

Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle

2. area of rectangle

3. area of triangle

4. area of square

5. Volume of the cone

6. Volume of the sphere

7. Volume of the cylinder

Enter your choice 5

Enter the radius of the cone 12

Enter the height of the cone 4

Volume of the cone is 602.88

Want to Continue? (Y/N)y

Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle

2. area of rectangle

3. area of triangle

4. area of square

5. Volume of the cone

6. Volume of the sphere

7. Volume of the cylinder

Enter your choice 6

Enter the radius 12

area of the circle is 452.16

Want to Continue? (Y/N)y

Implement Function Overloading

1. area of circle

2. area of rectangle

3. area of triangle

4. area of square

5. Volume of the cone

6. Volume of the sphere

7. Volume of the cylinder

Enter your choice 7

Enter the radius 12

Enter the height 4

Volume of the Cylinder is 1808.64

Want to Continue? (Y/N)n

Filed Under: cpp codes, oops

Solution for Tower of Hanoi C++

What is Tower of Hanoi?

All must be well aware of the problem of Tower of Hanoi, for those who don’t know, let’s discuss it once again.

The Tower of Hanoi (also called the Tower of Brahma or Lucas’ Tower, and sometimes pluralized) is a mathematical game or puzzle.

tower of hanoi

It consists of three rods, and a number of disks of different sizes which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle starts with the disks in a neat stack in ascending order of size on one rod, the smallest at the top, thus making a conical shape.

The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to another rod, obeying the following simple rules:

Only one disk can be moved at a time.
Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the stacks and placing it on top of another stack i.e. a disk can only be moved if it is the uppermost disk on a stack.
No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.

Animated Solution:

We can solve it in 2 ways:

Using Recursion
Using Stacks

Using Recursion:



#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

void towers(int, char, char, char);

int main()
{
    int num;

    cout<<"Enter the number of disks : ";
    cin>>num;
    cout<<"The sequence of moves involved in the Tower of Hanoi are :n";
    towers(num, 'A', 'C', 'B');
    return 0;
}
void towers(int num, char frompeg, char topeg, char auxpeg)
{
    if (num == 1)
    {
        cout<<"n Move disk 1 from peg "<<frompeg<<" to peg "<<topeg;
        return;
    }
    towers(num - 1, frompeg, auxpeg, topeg);
    cout<<"n Move disk "<<num<<" from peg "<<frompeg<<" to peg "<<topeg;
    towers(num - 1, auxpeg, topeg, frompeg);
}

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void towers(int, char, char, char);

int main()

{

int num;

cout<<"Enter the number of disks : ";

cin>>num;

cout<<"The sequence of moves involved in the Tower of Hanoi are :n";

towers(num, 'A', 'C', 'B');

return 0;

}

void towers(int num, char frompeg, char topeg, char auxpeg)

{

if (num == 1)

{

cout<<"n Move disk 1 from peg "<<frompeg<<" to peg "<<topeg;

return;

}

towers(num - 1, frompeg, auxpeg, topeg);

cout<<"n Move disk "<<num<<" from peg "<<frompeg<<" to peg "<<topeg;

towers(num - 1, auxpeg, topeg, frompeg);

}

Sample Output:



Enter the number of disks : 3
The sequence of moves involved in the Tower of Hanoi are :

 Move disk 1 from peg A to peg C
 Move disk 2 from peg A to peg B
 Move disk 1 from peg C to peg B
 Move disk 3 from peg A to peg C
 Move disk 1 from peg B to peg A
 Move disk 2 from peg B to peg C
 Move disk 1 from peg A to peg C

Enter the number of disks : 3

The sequence of moves involved in the Tower of Hanoi are :

Move disk 1 from peg A to peg C

Move disk 2 from peg A to peg B

Move disk 1 from peg C to peg B

Move disk 3 from peg A to peg C

Move disk 1 from peg B to peg A

Move disk 2 from peg B to peg C

Move disk 1 from peg A to peg C

Program to solve Tower of Hanoi C++ using Stack



#include<stdio.h>
#include<iostream>
#include<math.h>
using namespace std;
struct node1
{
    int data1;
    node1 *next1;
}*top1 = NULL, *p1 = NULL, *np1 = NULL;
struct node2
{
    int data2;
    node2 *next2;
}*top2 = NULL, *p2 = NULL, *np2 = NULL;
struct node3
{
    int data3;
    node3 *next3;
}*top3 = NULL, *p3 = NULL, *np3 = NULL;
void push1(int data)
{
    np1 = new node1;
    np1->data1 = data;
    np1->next1 = NULL;
    if (top1 == NULL)
    {
        top1 = np1;
    }
    else
    {
        np1->next1 = top1;
        top1 = np1;
    }
}
int pop1()
{
    int b = 999;
    if (top1 == NULL)
    {
        return b;
    }
    else
    {
        p1 = top1;
        top1 = top1->next1;
        return(p1->data1);
        delete(p1);
    }
}
void push2(int data)
{
    np2 = new node2;
    np2->data2 = data;
    np2->next2 = NULL;
    if (top2 == NULL)
    {
        top2 = np2;
    }
    else
    {
        np2->next2 = top2;
        top2 = np2;
    }
}
int pop2()
{
    int b = 999;
    if (top2 == NULL)
    {
        return b;
    }
    else
    {
        p2 = top2;
        top2 = top2->next2;
        return(p2->data2);
        delete(p2);
    }
}
void push3(int data)
{
    np3 = new node3;
    np3->data3 = data;
    np3->next3 = NULL;
    if (top3 == NULL)
    {
        top3 = np3;
    }
    else
    {
        np3->next3 = top3;
        top3 = np3;
    }
}
int pop3()
{
    int b = 999;
    if (top3 == NULL)
    {
        return b;
    }
    else
    {
        p3 = top3;
        top3 = top3->next3;
        return(p3->data3);
        delete(p3);
    }
}
int top_of_stack()
{
    if (top1 != NULL && top1->data1 == 1 )
    {
        return 1;
    }
    else if (top2 != NULL && top2->data2 == 1)
    {
        return 2;
    }
    else if (top3 != NULL && top3->data3 == 1)
    {
        return 3;
    }
}
void display1()
{
    cout<<endl;
    node1 *p1;
    p1 = top1;
    cout<<"Tower1-> "<<"t";
    while (p1 != NULL)
    {
        cout<<p1->data1<<"t";
        p1 = p1->next1;
    }
    cout<<endl;
}
void display2()
{
    node2 *p2;
    p2 = top2;
    cout<<"Tower2-> "<<"t";
    while (p2 != NULL)
    {
        cout<<p2->data2<<"t";
        p2 = p2->next2;
    }
    cout<<endl;
}
void display3()
{
    node3 *p3;
    p3 = top3;
    cout<<"Tower3-> "<<"t";
    while (p3 != NULL)
    {
        cout<<p3->data3<<"t";
        p3 = p3->next3;
    }
    cout<<endl;
    cout<<endl;
}
void toh(int n)
{
    int i, x, a, b;
    for (i = 0; i < (pow(2,n)); i++)
    {
        display1();
        display2();
        display3();
        x = top_of_stack();
        if (i % 2 == 0)
        {
            if (x == 1)
            {
                push3(pop1());
            }
            else if (x == 2)
            {
                push1(pop2());
            }
            else if (x == 3)
            {
                push2(pop3());
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if (x == 1)
            {
                a = pop2();
                b = pop3();
                if (a < b && b != 999)
                {
                    push3(b);
                    push3(a);
                }
                else if (a > b && a != 999)
                {
                    push2(a);
                    push2(b);
                }
                else if (b == 999)
                {
                    push3(a);
                }
                else if (a == 999)
                {
                    push2(b);
                }
            }
            else if (x == 2)
            {
                a = pop1();
                b = pop3();
                if (a < b && b != 999)
                {
                    push3(b);
                    push3(a);
                }
                else if (a > b && a != 999)
                {
                    push1(a);
                    push1(b);
                }
                else if (b == 999)
                {
                    push3(a);
                }
                else if (a == 999)
                {
                    push1(b);
                }
            }
            else if (x == 3)
            {
                a = pop1();
                b = pop2();
                if (a < b && b != 999)
                {
                    push2(b);
                    push2(a);
                }
                else if (a > b && a != 999)
                {
                    push1(a);
                    push1(b);
                }
                else if (b == 999)
                {
                    push2(a);
                }
                else if (a == 999)
                {
                    push1(b);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}
int main()
{
    int n, i;
    cout<<"enter the number of disksn";
    cin>>n;
    for (i = n; i >= 1; i--)
    {
        push1(i);
    }
    toh(n);
    return 0;
}

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#include<stdio.h>

#include<iostream>

#include<math.h>

using namespace std;

struct node1

{

int data1;

node1 *next1;

}*top1 = NULL, *p1 = NULL, *np1 = NULL;

struct node2

{

int data2;

node2 *next2;

}*top2 = NULL, *p2 = NULL, *np2 = NULL;

struct node3

{

int data3;

node3 *next3;

}*top3 = NULL, *p3 = NULL, *np3 = NULL;

void push1(int data)

{

np1 = new node1;

np1->data1 = data;

np1->next1 = NULL;

if (top1 == NULL)

{

top1 = np1;

}

else

{

np1->next1 = top1;

top1 = np1;

}

int pop1()

{

int b = 999;

if (top1 == NULL)

{

return b;

}

else

{

p1 = top1;

top1 = top1->next1;

return(p1->data1);

delete(p1);

}

void push2(int data)

{

np2 = new node2;

np2->data2 = data;

np2->next2 = NULL;

if (top2 == NULL)

{

top2 = np2;

}

else

{

np2->next2 = top2;

top2 = np2;

}

int pop2()

{

int b = 999;

if (top2 == NULL)

{

return b;

}

else

{

p2 = top2;

top2 = top2->next2;

return(p2->data2);

delete(p2);

}

void push3(int data)

{

np3 = new node3;

np3->data3 = data;

np3->next3 = NULL;

if (top3 == NULL)

{

top3 = np3;

}

else

{

np3->next3 = top3;

top3 = np3;

}

int pop3()

{

int b = 999;

if (top3 == NULL)

{

return b;

}

else

{

p3 = top3;

top3 = top3->next3;

return(p3->data3);

delete(p3);

}

int top_of_stack()

{

if (top1 != NULL && top1->data1 == 1 )

{

return 1;

}

else if (top2 != NULL && top2->data2 == 1)

{

return 2;

}

else if (top3 != NULL && top3->data3 == 1)

{

return 3;

}

void display1()

{

cout<<endl;

node1 *p1;

p1 = top1;

cout<<"Tower1-> "<<"t";

while (p1 != NULL)

{

cout<<p1->data1<<"t";

p1 = p1->next1;

}

cout<<endl;

}

void display2()

{

node2 *p2;

p2 = top2;

cout<<"Tower2-> "<<"t";

while (p2 != NULL)

{

cout<<p2->data2<<"t";

p2 = p2->next2;

}

cout<<endl;

}

void display3()

{

node3 *p3;

p3 = top3;

cout<<"Tower3-> "<<"t";

while (p3 != NULL)

{

cout<<p3->data3<<"t";

p3 = p3->next3;

}

cout<<endl;

}

void toh(int n)

{

int i, x, a, b;

for (i = 0; i < (pow(2,n)); i++)

{

display1();

display2();

display3();

x = top_of_stack();

if (i % 2 == 0)

{

if (x == 1)

{

push3(pop1());

}

else if (x == 2)

{

push1(pop2());

}

else if (x == 3)

{

push2(pop3());

}

else

{

if (x == 1)

{

a = pop2();

b = pop3();

if (a < b && b != 999)

{

push3(b);

push3(a);

}

else if (a > b && a != 999)

{

push2(a);

push2(b);

}

else if (b == 999)

{

push3(a);

}

else if (a == 999)

{

push2(b);

}

else if (x == 2)

{

a = pop1();

b = pop3();

if (a < b && b != 999)

{

push3(b);

push3(a);

}

else if (a > b && a != 999)

{

push1(a);

push1(b);

}

else if (b == 999)

{

push3(a);

}

else if (a == 999)

{

push1(b);

}

else if (x == 3)

{

a = pop1();

b = pop2();

if (a < b && b != 999)

{

push2(b);

push2(a);

}

else if (a > b && a != 999)

{

push1(a);

push1(b);

}

else if (b == 999)

{

push2(a);

}

else if (a == 999)

{

push1(b);

}

int main()

{

int n, i;

cout<<"enter the number of disksn";

cin>>n;

for (i = n; i >= 1; i--)

{

push1(i);

}

toh(n);

return 0;

}

Sample Output:



enter the number of disks
5

Tower1->        1       2       3       4       5
Tower2->
Tower3->


Tower1->        2       3       4       5
Tower2->
Tower3->        1


Tower1->        3       4       5
Tower2->        2
Tower3->        1


Tower1->        3       4       5
Tower2->        1       2
Tower3->


Tower1->        4       5
Tower2->        1       2
Tower3->        3


Tower1->        1       4       5
Tower2->        2
Tower3->        3


Tower1->        1       4       5
Tower2->
Tower3->        2       3


Tower1->        4       5
Tower2->
Tower3->        1       2       3


Tower1->        5
Tower2->        4
Tower3->        1       2       3


Tower1->        5
Tower2->        1       4
Tower3->        2       3


Tower1->        2       5
Tower2->        1       4
Tower3->        3


Tower1->        1       2       5
Tower2->        4
Tower3->        3


Tower1->        1       2       5
Tower2->        3       4
Tower3->


Tower1->        2       5
Tower2->        3       4
Tower3->        1


Tower1->        5
Tower2->        2       3       4
Tower3->        1


Tower1->        5
Tower2->        1       2       3       4
Tower3->


Tower1->
Tower2->        1       2       3       4
Tower3->        5


Tower1->        1
Tower2->        2       3       4
Tower3->        5


Tower1->        1
Tower2->        3       4
Tower3->        2       5


Tower1->
Tower2->        3       4
Tower3->        1       2       5


Tower1->        3
Tower2->        4
Tower3->        1       2       5


Tower1->        3
Tower2->        1       4
Tower3->        2       5


Tower1->        2       3
Tower2->        1       4
Tower3->        5


Tower1->        1       2       3
Tower2->        4
Tower3->        5


Tower1->        1       2       3
Tower2->
Tower3->        4       5


Tower1->        2       3
Tower2->
Tower3->        1       4       5


Tower1->        3
Tower2->        2
Tower3->        1       4       5


Tower1->        3
Tower2->        1       2
Tower3->        4       5


Tower1->
Tower2->        1       2
Tower3->        3       4       5


Tower1->        1
Tower2->        2
Tower3->        3       4       5


Tower1->        1
Tower2->
Tower3->        2       3       4       5


Tower1->
Tower2->
Tower3->        1       2       3       4       5

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enter the number of disks

Tower1-> 1 2 3 4 5

Tower2->

Tower3->

Tower1-> 2 3 4 5

Tower2->

Tower3-> 1

Tower1-> 3 4 5

Tower2-> 2

Tower3-> 1

Tower1-> 3 4 5

Tower2-> 1 2

Tower3->

Tower1-> 4 5

Tower2-> 1 2

Tower3-> 3

Tower1-> 1 4 5

Tower2-> 2

Tower3-> 3

Tower1-> 1 4 5

Tower2->

Tower3-> 2 3

Tower1-> 4 5

Tower2->

Tower3-> 1 2 3

Tower1-> 5

Tower2-> 4

Tower3-> 1 2 3

Tower1-> 5

Tower2-> 1 4

Tower3-> 2 3

Tower1-> 2 5

Tower2-> 1 4

Tower3-> 3

Tower1-> 1 2 5

Tower2-> 4

Tower3-> 3

Tower1-> 1 2 5

Tower2-> 3 4

Tower3->

Tower1-> 2 5

Tower2-> 3 4

Tower3-> 1

Tower1-> 5

Tower2-> 2 3 4

Tower3-> 1

Tower1-> 5

Tower2-> 1 2 3 4

Tower3->